Table of Content
1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry Inquiring About Life CONCEPT 1.1The study of life reveals common themes CONCEPT 1.2The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life CONCEPT 1.3In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses CONCEPT 1.4Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints UNIT 1 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2 The Chemical Context of Life A Chemical Connection to Biology CONCEPT 2.1Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds CONCEPT 2.2An element''s properties depend on the structure of its atoms CONCEPT 2.3The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms CONCEPT 2.4Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds 3 Water and Life The Molecule That Supports All of Life CONCEPT 3.1Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding CONCEPT 3.2Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth''s suitability for life CONCEPT 3.3Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon: The Backbone of Life CONCEPT 4.1Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds CONCEPT 4.2Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms CONCEPT 4.3A few chemical groups are key to molecular function 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules The Molecules of Life CONCEPT 5.1Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers CONCEPT 5.2Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material CONCEPT 5.3Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules CONCEPT 5.4Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions CONCEPT 5.5Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information CONCEPT 5.6Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications UNIT 2 THE CELL 6 A Tour of the Cell The Fundamental Units of Life CONCEPT 6.1Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells CONCEPT 6.2Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions CONCEPT 6.3The eukaryotic cell''s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes CONCEPT 6.4The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions CONCEPT 6.5Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another CONCEPT 6.6The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell CONCEPT 6.7Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities CONCEPT 6.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts 7 Membrane Structure and Function Life at the Edge CONCEPT 7.1Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins CONCEPT 7.2Membrane structure results in selective permeability CONCEPT 7.3Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment CONCEPT 7.4Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients CONCEPT 7.5Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis 8 An Introduction to Metabolism The Energy of Life CONCEPT 8.1An organism''s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics CONCEPT 8.2The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously CONCEPT 8.3ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions CONCEPT 8.4Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers CONCEPT 8.5Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Life Is Work CONCEPT 9.1Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels CONCEPT 9.2Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate CONCEPT 9.3After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules CONCEPT 9.4During oxidative phosphorylatio